污泥生物处理的研究与应用

污泥生物处理技术包括污泥前置及后置的处理。污泥前置处理可以通过微生物自身的新陈代谢和微生物种群之间捕食作用,以及对工艺和反应器的改良来实现污泥减量。污泥后置生物处理是指污泥消化,可以使用高温-中温共相厌氧消化和蛋形污泥消化器对污泥进行减量;这些方法从不同侧面反应了目前污泥生物处理研究现状以及最新进展。     

简析超声波声能密度对污泥减量的影响

介绍了超声波用于污泥减量的机理,研究了超声波声能密度对污泥减量的影响.研究表明当超声波频率为200 KHz,声能密度1.1W/mL,t=300 s,MISS减少率max=28.3%;SCOD从30 mg/L上升到110 mg/L.在声能密度0.22 W/mL时,t=450 s,MISS减少率max=12.8%;SCOD从30 mg/L上升到85 mg/L.另外,试验中还发现大功率超声波不利于提高污泥的脱水能力.     

南通市一次连续空气污染过程的气象特征分析

文章对2005年11月22日至12月2日南通市及邻近地区出现的大范围、长时间连续空气污染过程的天气形势和主要气象要素进行了分析。结果表明：大型稳定性高压伴随而来的稳定层结和小风速，导致大气污染物难于扩散，是这次空气污染过程的主要原因；弱冷空气无法改变大气稳定层结，难于结束空气污染状态；随着强冷空气到来，大气环流形势改变，空气质量改善。     

Cu／A1-Ce-PILC在丙烯选择性催化还原NO反应中的失活研究

采用聚合羟基复合阳离子合成交联黏土A1-Ce-PILC，经SO4^2-改性后，以浸渍法制备了铜基交联黏土催化剂Cu／A1-Ce-PILC，并将其应用于C3H6选择性催化还原NO的反应，350℃时NO转化率达到最大值56％，700℃时下降至22％．为探究催化剂高温失活的原因，采用XPS、TPR、TGA、Py-IR和DSC对反应前后催化剂的物化性能进行了表征．结果表明，经过H2预处理活化后活性组分Cu物种以Cu^＋形式存在，而高温反应后Cu物种除以Cu^＋和Cu^2＋ 2种形式存在外，还出现了少量CuO物种；高温反应过程中A1-Ce-PILC上结构羟基和SO4^2-流失导致催化剂表面酸性减弱；此外，还存在表面积炭覆盖了部分活性中心并堵塞了催化剂孔道的现象．这三者的共同影响促进了C3H6深度氧化，抑制了NO还原，从而导致催化剂的失活．     

烟束曲霉菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除—还原与吸附作用

采用投加烟束曲霉(Aspergillus fumisynnematus)菌丝球的方法去除含铬废水中的Cr(Ⅵ),通过研究模拟含铬废水中Cr(Ⅵ)与总Cr浓度及pH值的变化规律来确定烟束曲霉菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除作用.结果表明,烟束曲霉菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除作用包括还原与吸附,以还原作用为主,兼有一定程度的吸附.适宜条件(30℃,150 r·min-1,pH=1.30,投加量10.0 g)下菌丝球能在48 h内将100 mL浓度为10～200 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅵ)溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)全部去除,其中对总Cr的吸附率为30%～50%,对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率则达到了99%以上,吸附平衡后解吸出来的Cr的形态95%以上为Cr(Ⅲ).考察了溶液初始pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、菌丝球投加量及温度对菌丝球去除Cr(Ⅵ)作用的影响.结果表明,菌丝球只有在低pH值时才能达到对Cr(Ⅵ)较好的去除效果.溶液初始pH值及Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的降低、菌丝球投加量及温度的升高均能提高菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率,溶液初始pH值的降低及菌丝球投加量的增加均可提高菌丝球对总Cr的吸附率,温度则主要通过改变菌丝球的结构形态来影响菌丝球对总Cr的吸附作用.菌丝球对Cr(Ⅵ)及Cr(Ⅲ)均存在吸附作用,吸附在菌丝球上的Cr(Ⅵ)在酸性环境下易被还原成Cr(Ⅲ).     

A值法研究大气总量控制的环境质量达标保证率

在总量控制区用A值法实行总量控制后，总量控制区在符合污染物年允许排放总量限值时，污染物的日平均浓度和小时平均浓度不一定能达到国家或地区大气环境质量标准。为了反映总量控制区环境质量达标情况，本文提出了A值法研究大气总量控制的环境质量达标保证率的概念，通过总量控制A值法的基本原理，给出小时／日环境质量达标保征率的量化公式，经过分析得到；环境质量达标保证率与污染物种类有关，同一污染物的保证率与A值的年分布情况密切相关。同时利用长江下游某地的2000年气象资料分析该地区A值的变化趋势，求得该地区SO2和N02的小时保征率分别为97．4％、90.2％，日保征率分别为90.2％、79．5％。     

BUILDUP,WASHOFF, AND EVENT MEAN CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Most watershed water quality simulation models require the user to specify pollutant buildup and washoff rate parameters for pollutants, by land use. Buildup and washoff rates are difficult to measure directly, and only limited guidance and few observed data are available from the literature. Many studies, however, report storm event mean concentrations (EMCs). These EMCs must arise as a result of the buildup and washoff processes, but typically represent the net contribution from a variety of pervious and impervious surfaces. This paper explores the relationship between EMCs and buildup/washoff parameters. An assumption of the mathematical form of the buildup/washoff relationship gives an algebraic expression for the EMC consistent with model assumptions. This yields techniques to separate observed EMCs into contributions from different land uses and from pervious and impervious surfaces. Given this relationship, numerical optimization may be used to estimate site specific values of buildup and washoff parameters from observed storm EMCs for use in modeling. Use of this approach helps ensure that model parameters are consistent with observed data, providing a rational starting point for final model calibration. Several site examples demonstrate use of the method.     

Microbial cycling of iron and sulfur in acidic coal mining lake sediments

Lakes caused by coal mining processes are characterized by low pH, low nutrient status, and high concentrations of Fe(II) and sulfate due to the oxidation of pyrite in the surrounding mine tailings. Fe(III) produced during Fe(II) oxidation precipitates to the anoxic acidic sediment, where the microbial reduction of Fe(III) is the dominant electron-accepting process for the oxidation of organic matter, apparently mediated by acidophilic Acidiphilium species. Those bacteria can reduce a great variety of Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides and reduce Fe(III) and oxygen simultaneously which might be due to the small differences in the redox potentials under low pH conditions. Due to the absence of sulfide, Fe(II) formed in the upper 6 cm of the sediment diffuses to oxic zones in the water layer where itcan be reoxidized by Acidithiobacillus species. Thus, acidic conditions are stabilized by the cycling of iron which inhibits fermentative and sulfate-reducing activities. With increasing sediment depth, the amount of reactive iron decrease, the pH increases above 5, and fermentative and as yet unknown Fe(III)-reducing bacteria are also involved in the reduction of Fe(III). Sulfate is reduced apparently by the activity of spore-forming sulfate reducers including new species of Desulfosporosinus that have their pH optimum similar to in situconditions and are not capable of growth at pH 7. However, generation of alkalinity via sulfate reduction is reduced by the anaerobic reoxidation of sulfide back to sulfate. Thus, the microbial cycling of iron at the oxic-anoxic interface and the anaerobic cycling of sulfur maintains environmental conditions appropriate for acidophilic Fe(III)-reducing and acid-tolerant sulfate-reducing microbial communities.     

长江上游森林植被变化对削洪减灾功能的影响

长江上游具有形成暴雨洪水的地形与气候条件，森林植被削洪减灾功能的提高必须着眼于森林植被—土壤生态系统结构的改善，削洪减灾功能的提高是通过林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层对雨水的截留拦蓄作用实现的。研究区森林植被—土壤生态系统区域差异明显，不同地区该系统林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层的最大截持水量不同，该系统削洪减灾功能的大小不仅与降雨特点有关，而且与系统各水文层前期持水量有关。在连续长时间暴雨情况下，森林植被—土壤生态系统除对第一次洪峰有削减作用外，对后续暴雨洪水的削减作用不明显，甚至会使洪峰增高。根据宜昌站30d洪水量的地区组成和森林植被—土壤生态系统截留持水功能的特点，提出了长江上游森林植被恢复、重建与保护的宏观调控对策。     

论灾害管理与经济发展的辩证关系

本文以ＡＢＣ分类法说明了减轻地震灾害的重要意义，指出了地震灾害绝对损失数额一般会随社会经济发展而逐渐增大这一客观事实。文中提出了表达地震灾害危险性、防抗灾工程投资和社会经济发展关系的一般数学模型，对灾害管理与经济发展的辩证关系进行了讨论。